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INDEX
Auto A/C Reference Manual
Forward I
About the author iii
Glossary of terms iv
Index vi
THE SYSTEM
Picture of unit 1
How does an air conditioning system work? 2
Should the air conditioning be turned off each time the engine is turned off? 6
SERVICING
What are some of the indicators of a system needing service? 7
What should an air conditioning system service consist of? 8
Steps of inspecting the AC system 9
Steps to servicing the air conditioning system 10
What is the best time of the year to service an AC unit? 11
Fundamentals of pressure 12
Terms used when servicing 13
What do gauge readings mean? 14
How much refrigerant does the system hold? 15
Can an AC system be serviced by pressures and air delivery temperature? 16
If the system has a sight glass, can it be used? 17
What engine RPM should the engine be run at for air conditioning service and testing? 19
Pressure temperature chart 20
Is there another method to test a system for operation? 21
What is superheat? 22
How is servicing done by the superheat method? 23
How is servicing by the subcooling method done? 24
System temperature check points 25
Sub cooling chart 26
Can using the bare hands to check line temperature? 27
How can the pressures read what they should and have no cold air delivery? 28
What are some of the tricks of servicing? 29
Are there any other checks should be done after service is completed? 32
LEAKS CHECK
How many ways are there to check for leaks? 33
REFRIGERANT
What is ambient temperature and its effect on refrigerant? 35
What is retrofit and what refrigerant should be used? 36
Are operating pressures higher on R-134a than R-12 systems? 37
How does refrigerant become contaminated? 38
How can refrigerants be identified for contamination when using  recycled refrigerant? 39
How does air get into an AC system and become a contaminate? 40
What are the dangers of handling refrigerants? 41
Compressors and Clutches
What causes a compressor to fail 42
What is a variable displacement compressor? 44
Compressor checks 45
System oil capacity chart 46
Establishing oil levels 47
Watch it burn 48
How can a test be done to determine if a reed valve is broken or leaking? 49
Does the compressor need to be replaced just because the clutch 50
burned out or the reverse?
Are replacement compressors shipped with oil in them? 51
Why does a compressor fail after a repair has been made? 52
When is a noisy compressor not a bad compressor? 53
Can a cycling switch cause a compressor to fail? 54
On water pump driven fan blades, can the blade cause compressor failure? 55
Can heavy-duty radiators cause compressors to fail? 56
What causes a compressor to blow a hole in the side of it? 57
What causes a clutch to fail? 58
What is a clutch saver switch and where should it be located? 59
What does burnishing a clutch mean? 60
Clutch failure checkout list 61
Clutch ground circuit 62
OILS
What kind of oil should be used in the system? 63
What is the best method to install oil into the system? 64
How is excessive oil removed from the system? 65
When topping off a system, should oil be added to the system? 66
When is it necessary to attach a label as to what refrigerant and oil is in the system? 67
What is black death? 68
EVACUATION
Must a system be evacuated before servicing? 69
What is the proper method to connect and use an evacuation pump? 70
Vacuum chart 71
FLUSHING
What must be done to prepare a system for repair? 72
Is it necessary to flush a system when doing repairs? 73
What is the procedure called "live flushing"? 74
What is closed loop flushing? 76
Flushing the CCOT system 77
Flushing the TXV system 79
CONDENSERS
What are some little known facts about a condenser? 80
What are the signs of a restriction in the condenser? 81
Is there such a thing as forming a gradual restriction in the condenser? 82
When would it be nearly mandatory to replace to condenser? 83
What is a sub cool condenser? 84
Condenser designs 85
Temperature testing work sheet 86
Expansion Valves and Orifice Tubes
What is a cycling clutch orifice tube? 87
How does an cycling clutch orifice tube fail? 88
What is a variable orifice valve? 89
Can an orifice tube be put in backwards? 90
How can a test for an orifice tube o-ring bypassing or if the orifice tube left out? 91
How does an expansion valve work? 92
How does an expansion valve fail? 93
Is there more than one reason to read superheat? 94
What causes a restriction in the expansion valve? 95
How can the different expansion valves be identified? 96
Accumulators, Receiver-Dryers, Mufflers
Can there be a restriction in the accumulator? 98
Can there be a restriction in the receiver dryer? 99
Can there be contamination in a muffler? 100
DIAGNOSING
How is temperature read correctly? 101
Diagnosing the system flow chart 102
System diagram with temperature points 104
Temperature testing work sheet 105
Is it possible to have a fifty degree drop across the condenser and not have a restriction? 106
Is it possible to have the correct drop across the condenser but read higher than the outside temperature dictates it should be? 107
What is the best method to diagnose duel AC units? 108
CLUTCH CYCLING SWITCHES
What is a clutch cycling switch and how does it work? 109
HOSES
How do AC hoses fail? 110
Ford AC hose assemblies 111
Are aftermarket AC hoses as good as OE. 112
BULLETINS
How do screw type service valves work? 113
Bulletin, refreshing ATC memory 114
Bulletin, Honda grounds 115
What causes water to run on the floor after the AC has been run for a time? 116
Clutch ground circuit 117
Retrofit
What is retrofit and what refrigerant should be used? 118
GENERAL INFORMATION
Fans 119
What are bottom breathers 120
What is the purpose of air dams and engine compartment seals? 121
How do you test for a bad fan clutch? 122
Can an electric motor on the radiator be wired backwards? 123
How can an electric motor or clutch have current to it and still not work? 124
Can Ford spring lock fittings be stopped from leaking? 125
REGULATOR VALVES
On vehicles that have evaporator regulator valves, can they be retrofitted without replacing the valves? 127
 
SOLUTIONS
    What is wrong when an AC system is cold at slow speeds 128
and gets warmer at highway speeds?
    What causes a system to get cold quickly when vehicle is cold 129
but takes much longer when vehicle has been setting in the sun?
    What is wrong when the AC operates properly for a long period, and all of a sudden, 130
and all of a sudden, the air turns hot?
What is the reason the AC gets colder with R-12 in the system rather than R-134a? 131
    What would cause an AC system to operate off and on, depending on the time of day the car is driven and how it is driven? 132
    Is there a simple method to diagnose an AC system? 133
 

 

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